Chemical Thermodynamics - Chemistry (Undergraduate Foundation)
[NUC Core] CHM 101: General Chemistry IThis learning track delivers the complete NUC CCMAS curriculum for General Chemistry I. It is a comprehensive programme designed to build a robust, university-level foundation in modern chemistry. The track systematically covers all essential topics, from atomic theory, chemical bonding, and the states of matter, to the quantitative principles of stoichiometry, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.
This programme is for first-year undergraduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculties who are required to take CHM 101. It is also essential for any student or professional globally who needs a rigorous and complete foundation in first-year university chemistry for further study or career development.
This track delivers a full skill set in chemical theory and quantitative problem-solving. Graduates will be able to determine molecular structures, calculate reaction quantities, analyse the energetics and rates of reactions, and solve complex equilibrium problems. This programme provides the non-negotiable prerequisite knowledge for all subsequent chemistry courses and for any degree in the physical sciences, engineering, or medicine.
This learning track delivers the complete NUC CCMAS curriculum for General Chemistry I. It is a comprehensive programme designed to build a robust, university-level foundation in modern chemistry. The track systematically covers all essential topics, from atomic theory, chemical bonding, and the states of matter, to the quantitative principles of stoichiometry, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics. This programme is for first-year undergraduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculties who are required to take CHM 101. It is also essential for any student or professional globally who needs a rigorous and complete foundation in first-year university chemistry for further study or career development. This track delivers a full skill set in chemical theory and quantitative problem-solving. Graduates will be able to determine molecular structures, calculate reaction quantities, analyse the energetics and rates of reactions, and solve complex equilibrium problems. This programme provides the non-negotiable prerequisite knowledge for all subsequent chemistry courses and for any degree in the physical sciences, engineering, or medicine.
Course Chapters
1. Introduction1
This chapter provides the roadmap for the course. It introduces chemical thermodynamics as the study of energy, heat, work, and spontaneity in chemical reactions. Key learning objectives include: understanding the overall course structure and appreciating the role of thermodynamics in predicting the feasibility of a reaction.
Chapter lessons
1-1. Welcome
This lesson provides a brief overview of the course, outlining the key topics of enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
2. Enthalpy32
This chapter focuses on enthalpy, the measure of heat change in a chemical reaction. It covers the concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions and the methods for calculating enthalpy changes. Key learning objectives include: defining enthalpy and standard enthalpy of reaction; and using Hess's Law and standard heats of formation to calculate enthalpy changes.
Chapter lessons
2-1. Heat of reaction
This lesson defines enthalpy (ΔH) and distinguishes between exothermic (heat releasing) and endothermic (heat absorbing) reactions.
2-2. Hess's law
This lesson introduces Hess's Law, which states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the pathway taken.
2-3. Standard heats of formation
This lesson defines the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f) and explains how to use these values to calculate the overall enthalpy change for a reaction.
3. Entropy21
This chapter introduces entropy as a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. It covers the second law of thermodynamics and how to predict entropy changes in physical and chemical processes. Key learning objectives include: defining entropy and stating the second law of thermodynamics; and qualitatively predicting whether the entropy change for a given process is positive or negative.
Chapter lessons
3-1. Defining entropy
This lesson introduces entropy (S) as a measure of the molecular disorder or randomness of a system.
3-2. The second law
This lesson covers the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of the universe increases in any spontaneous process.
4. Gibbs Free Energy34
This chapter introduces Gibbs free energy as the ultimate predictor of reaction spontaneity. It combines the concepts of enthalpy and entropy into a single, decisive thermodynamic function. Key learning objectives include: defining Gibbs free energy (G); using the sign of the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) to predict spontaneity; and understanding how temperature affects the spontaneity of a reaction.
Chapter lessons
4-1. Defining free energy
This lesson defines Gibbs free energy (G) and introduces the fundamental equation, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
4-2. Free energy and spontaneity
This lesson explains how the sign of ΔG determines if a reaction is spontaneous (ΔG < 0), non-spontaneous (ΔG > 0), or at equilibrium (ΔG = 0).
4-3. The effect of temperature
This lesson explores how temperature can influence the spontaneity of a reaction by affecting the TΔS term in the Gibbs free energy equation.
5. Conclusion2
This concluding chapter summarises the key concepts of chemical thermodynamics. It reinforces the understanding of enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy as the tools for analysing reaction energetics and spontaneity. This summary prepares the student for the next course, 'Chemical Kinetics', which explores the speed and mechanisms of reactions.
Chapter lessons
5-1. Course summary
This lesson consolidates knowledge by reviewing the three key thermodynamic quantities—enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy—and their roles in predicting the behaviour of chemical reactions.
5-2. Next steps
This final lesson looks ahead, explaining that while thermodynamics predicts if a reaction can happen, the next course, Chemical Kinetics, explains how fast it will happen.